Test Essay Transition between Hunter and Gatherers to Farmers

                 Before people started making civilizations, there were hunters and gatherers.  Hunters and gatherers roamed around and never bothered to build houses.  They were always to busy looking for food to eat and hunting animals. They constantly kept moving after they ate all the berries and animals they could find in one area.
                 People lived like this for a while until they discovered farming.  They realized that they didn't have to roam around all the time and they could just plant food at one spot.  The best kind of crops were rice, wheat, barley, and corn.  These crops were easy to store.  They also realized that when they store food they make a surplus.  Having a surplus of food meant that they had more time and not everyone had to be farming.  This gave people other jobs to invent more new things like weaving, making tools, making hide, etc.  This was called specialized labor.  
                 Along with growing crops, the ancient people also learned that they could domesticate animals.  A good domesticatable animal had to get along with humans, be over 100 pounds, eat only plants, and get along with other animals.  Animals gave people things like milk, hide, and meat.  If they were strong enough, they could also plow, which was great for farming.  Farming was really the key to keep moving forward in civilization.

Essay on New Guinea

New Guinea is the second largest island in the world.  Its capital is Port Morsby and it has a population of about 6 million people.  New Guinea has many religions, most are Christian.  The rest are 0.3 percent Bahai and 3.3 percent indigenous beliefs and other.  Some of the languages they speak are Tok Pisin, English, and Hiri Motu.  They speak some 860 indigenous languages.  The unemployment rate is 1.8% and their population below the poverty line is 37%.  12% of the people live in urban areas.  The rest still live like they did a long time ago.  The amount of oil they produce is 35,090 barrels per day. They use 36,000 barrels per day. They sell 32,490 barrels per day and they buy 14,380 barrels per day. They produce 2.885 billion kWh of electricity and they use 2.683 billion kWh.  

First Quiz

• What kind of crops help people advance? wheat, barley, corn, rice, millet grains.  
• Who is Jared Diamond? Professor at UCLA, anthropologists, wrote a book called Guns, Germs, and Steal that was turned into a movie
• What is Sago? advantages? disadvantages? Not enough nutrients, not enough to feed the village, keeps you full.
• What is a granery?  Something that stores food to create a surplus
• What is the capital? Port Morsby
• Main religion? Christianity.
• Where is Papua, New Guinea? island right above Australia.  
• What and who are hunter gatherers? Never build homes, roam around and and hunt and gather food.  People were hunter gatherers before people discovered that they could farm.  Nomadic.  
• What is the significance of a surplus?  having a surplus means you have more than enough.  SPECIALIZED LABOR! since not everyone need to farm, other people are free to invent other things like weaving, making tools, making hide, etc.
• what role does geographical luck have in civilization.  If you live in a climate that is good for farming.  Good animals.  It allows the civilization to keep going forward.
• what animals helped civilization grow the most? Horses, sheep, goats.  
• Domesticated plant? easy to plant, easy to store, high in protein, 
• domesticated animals? gets along with people, can be tamed, over a hundred pounds, meat eaters, social animals, milk, offspring.
• What is cargo? material that you accumulate over a period of time.
• 85% of jobs in Papua, New Guinea is farmers.
• significance of latitude? the same types of crops are grown around the same latitude.  Spread around.
• what is draa'?  first village in human history.  The made the granery.

Facts About New Guinea

• Papua, New Guinea is the second largest island in the world.
• it's population is an estimated amount of about 6 million people.
• Urbanization is 12%
• The Unemployment rate is 1.8%
• Roman Catholic 27%, Evangelical Lutheran 19.5%, United Church 11.5%, Seventh-Day Adventist 10%, Pentecostal 8.6%, Evangelical Alliance 5.2%, Anglican 3.2%, Baptist 2.5%, other Protestant 8.9%, Bahai 0.3%, indigenous beliefs and other 3.3
• Literacy rate is 57.3%
• Tok Pisin, English, and Hiri Motu are official languages
• 26.95 births/1,000 population
• The government is a constitutional parliamentary democracy and a commonwealth realm.
• Capital is Port Moresby
• Population below the poverty line is 37%
• 
  

Finally Finished Guns, Germs, and Steal.

Geographical luck is really what you have been delt.  You can be lucky and have domesticatible animals and good crops like the Middle East or you could be like Papua, New Guinea who has nothing.  No one is smarter than one another, it's just that some people had the chance to move forward, while others did not.  Since people had to keep moving and hunt anymore, people started to make homes.  People also learned how to make plaster from limestone.  This was one of the biggest steps in technology.  This also led to the discovery of how to make medal.  New Guinea never advanced with medal because they were always to busy trying to feed themselves.  Areas with the same latitude, have the same climate, for example Europe and Asia.  Since they have the same climate, they could grow the same crops and this is why they both advanced at around the same time.  When Europe advanced enough to discover the Americas, they brought cattle and other farming animals.  This is why America now has farming animals.  New Guineans are still trying to catch up with the modern world, but unfortunately for them, there is still a big gap.  Some parts of New Guinea are making progress but it still isn't enough.  Some people think Jared Diamonds theory is to simple and easy, but I agree with it.  The fertile crescent.

Guns, Germs, and Steal...Again, again

When you store food and have extra, it's called a surplus.  Animals that are domesticated have a lot of requirements.  They need to got along with other animals and humans.  There are 48 animals that can be domesticated but only 14 are.  Goats, sheep, pigs, cows, horses, reinder, yacks, mithans, watter buffalo, llamas, donkeys, 2 kinds of camals, and valley cattle.  New Guinea does not have animals like this.  Once again they have very bad geographical luck.  This is another reason why New Guineans are still have nots.

Guns, Germs, and Steal... again

Jared Diamond is trying to answer the question why New Guinea is so undeveloped even though they started farming around the same time as China, the Middle East and Central America.  He believes its because they do not have very geographical luck.  The climate they live in is not fit for growing crops.  He has a feeling though that this cannot be the only reason the world is divided into haves and have nots.  There is something else causing  it too.  A new reason he discovered is animal herding.  People start domesticating animals and using them for food, milk, and fur.  Animals were starting to become a big part of the worlds civilization.  Also, people starting using horses and oxes to plow for them to help their crops grow.  There are still no farm animals (besides pigs) in new Guinea to help them with things like that.  the only muscle power they have human muscle.  The best animal to domesticate is a large plant eating animal.  There are 48 animals that can be domesticated.  Only 14 have been used.  Some domesticated animals are goats sheep pigs, cows horses donkeys, camals, water buffalo, mithan.